Africa

Notes
 * A. Africa in the Nineteenth Century **
 * European concentrated on Africa coastal regions
 * Portuguese established colonies: Angola and Mozambique
 * Dutch established colonies in the southern parts of Africa in 1650s
 * Africa: collection of ports
 * sources of slaves for colonies in America
 * ** African Travels **
 * 1878: British explorer: __Henry Morton Stanley__ published a travel book: //Through the Dark Continent//
 * described adventures in Africa
 * dark: in the title refers to skin colors of the Africans
 * summed up ignorance of the Europeans
 * knew nothing about Africa until late 1800's
 * Stanley: journalist, 1871:accepted assignment from New York Herald of locating Dr. David Livingstone
 * __Dr. David Livingstone__: Scottish medical missionary, traveled to Africa years earlier
 * was found by Stanley in a village in central Africa
 * Stanley stayed and wrote about Livingstone's adventures in Africa
 * stories: good travel reading
 * explored deep in Africa with a group of Africans
 * searched for source of Nile River
 * first European to fully explore the Zambesi River
 * 1855, first white person to see Victoria Falls
 * after 30 years of self-sacrifice/service Livingstone died in an African village in 1873
 * Stanley was more interested in profit/development than service
 * made second trip, exploring Congo River in Central Africa
 * partnered with __King Leopold II of Belgium__
 * to develop Congo River basin: rich source of raw rubber
 * set up a company: International Congo Association
 * made treaties with local chiefs: began division of African lands for European profit
 * European views: set stage for new phase of European Imperialism
 * majority of African territory was available to anyone who wanted it
 * most Africans live in villages/tribal groups
 * Kingdoms/great cities were in ruins or in decline
 * no national boundaries/frontiers
 * ** Europe Enters Africa **
 * __International Congo Association__: private investment company (not a government undertaking)
 * around start: explorers were claiming different parts of Africa
 * November 1885: German chancellor __Otto von Bismarck__ called for a conference in Berlin
 * to discuss how to deal with Africa on an international basis
 * members agreed to the formation of the Congo Free State
 * New State: __Congo Free State__
 * no official connection with any European nation(including Belgium)
 * its government would be assigned to King Leopold of Belgium
 * King Leopold's arrangement: __mandate/trusteeship__: an assignment from an international body to govern a region
 * all member nations had the right to conduct business in the Congo
 * slave trade would be stopped and rights of locals would be protected
 * problems with agreement
 * no European nation had any way to make sure they were upheld
 * King Leopold took advantage: to make Congo profitable
 * used harsh system of forced labor to collect natural resources of the region
 * rubber, copper, and ivory
 * during 15-year period after Congress of Berlin
 * explosion of colonizing activity in Africa
 * products (rubber and ivory) brought huge rewards
 * In 1902, Joseph Conrad, a British writer
 * published a short novel, //Heart of Darkness//: captured creed, mystery, and horror of imperialism in Africa
 * central character, Kurtz: evil, half-mad, ivory trader, and abused native africans


 * B. European Influence in Africa **
 * **Egypt and North Africa**
 * Mid 1800s Egypt was a semi independent state within the Ottoman empire
 * During the US civil war Egyptian cotton exports became important in Europe
 * increased further w/ competition of the Suez canal in 1869
 * most important water ways in the world
 * links Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea
 * reduced journey from Europe to southeast Asia
 * G.B regarded as key link to colonies in the east
 * 1882 G.B bombarded Egyptian city of Alexandria
 * Egypt became a British protectorate
 * France shows european rivalry for colonies in 1800s
 * Developed Algeria further
 * declared a colony in 1930
 * increased sphere of influence in North Africa
 * established Tunisia in 1881 and Morocco in 1912
 * controlled areas in Africa larger then US
 * ** Africa south of the Sahara **
 * as large as North America
 * Belgium took unfair advantage of the congo river
 * protests in G.B and U.S: forced King Leopold to turn control of Congo Free State to Belgium Parliament
 * 1908, Belgium Congo became Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * East African colonizers: Britain and Germany
 * agreed to share sphere of influence to preserve balance of power
 * 1886 G.B established British east Africa (Kenya)
 * 1891 Germany established Tanzania
 * 1884 Germany established Namibia in Southwest Africa
 * G.B proclaimed Nigeria a protectorate
 * Their influence grew the near by Gold Coast
 * Italy and Portugal important roles in imperialism
 * Italians
 * occupied Somalia and Entrea in east Africa
 * moved to Ethiopia
 * 1896 defeated by Ethiopians
 * 1912 Turks yielded Libya to Italy
 * Portuguese
 * expanded their hold on Angola in southwest Africa and on Mozambique in the Southeast
 * In 1795, Britain had a political military in South America at Cape of Good Hope
 * Their main purpose was to safeguard British shipping lands
 * The Cape was originally settled in 1650's by the Dutch but now under British control
 * Boers/Afrikaners: descendants became unhappy with British rule and moved inland
 * diamonds and gold were discovery in interior
 * increased conflict between Great Britiain and Boers
 * 1899, war broke out, lasted three years: The Boer War
 * with 500,000 troops, Britain won
 * gained mining rights in northern parts of region
 * 1910, unified country became the Union of South America

5 Question Quiz


 * 1. What is a Mandate?**

a. a national agreement for international waters. b. a nation's assignment by an international body to govern or administer an area. c. a national assignment to control national waters and slave trade


 * 2. Henry Morton Stanley wrote a book about travels to Africa. True or False?**


 * 3. In November in 1885, Who called a conference in Berlin and Why?**

a. Bismarck - discuss how to deal with Africa b. Bismarck - discuss slave trade policies c. Leopold - discuss how to deal with Africa d. Leopold - discuss slave trace policies


 * 4. What was the agreement for Europe in control of African territories?**

a. first come first serve b. costal territories had first rights to inner Africa c. no European areas could inhabit Africa


 * 5. How did Leopold take advantage of no protection of slave trade?**

a. forced labor and stole resources b. stole slave children from homes c. took control of all African area and slaves and resources

5 Question Quiz 2


 * 1)True or false. Dr.Livingstone was the first white male to discover Victoria Falls?**


 * 2)Why did Beliugm take unfair control over the congo river, and what was the result?

3)The french increased its control or _ in north Africa?**


 * 4)Why was the Suez Canal so important?

5) What did the Berlin Conference accomplish?**



This political cartoon shows how all the different countries are trying to get control of Africa, since no one had total control. This describes all the chaos that the European countries caused just to get control over Africa.

This political cartoon expresses that the Colonists are riding on top of the African's backs. This symbolizes that the British are on their backs all the time and making them do all the work. The European people feel like they are high rank and treating the Africans like animals by riding on top of them. The one in front is from America, followed by one from Engand, after him is a guy from Germany and then finally the caboose or last person in line is from France.