Islamic+World

**// __Imperialism in the Islamic World__ //** A. The Ottoman Empire, which included vast territories on three continents, gradually declined in the 1800s B. Despite efforts at reforms, the Ottoman Empire disintegrated and finally collapsed around 1920
 * Main Ideas **

** The Ottoman Empire ** // Origins and Geographic Extent of the Ottomans //
 * in the Islamic World **Imperialism means the decline of the Ottoman Empire** (present day Turkey)
 * Empire started in NW Anatolia & eastern modern day Turkey
 * name came from Osman I- empires 1st __sultan__ (king)
 * late 1300s-Ottoman conquered parts of Balkans in eastern Europe
 * added areas belonging to Byzantine empire
 * 1453-under Sultan Muhammad II- captured Constantinople (Byzantine empire)
 * Constantinople = Istanbul
 * marked end of Byzantine empire which lasted more then 1000 years
 * After 1453- western Europe was more involved in policies & plans of the Ottoman Empire
 * **The Ottoman rulers were** ** M uslim & the Christian Europeans didn't like **
 * Christians & Jews in Otto empire lived in Greece, Serbia, and Bosnia -were free to practice their religions
 * In cities non-Muslims lived in own communities but worked & traded alongside Muslims
 * 1500s-Ottoman Empires high point under Selim I and son Suleiman II “the magnificent”
 * **Selim:**
 * became a monarch in both religions and nonreligious affairs
 * ** Suleiman: **
 * waged naval warfare against the Holy Roman Empire under Charles V
 * added most of Hungary to empire
 * fought successfully against Persia
 * conquered the Arabian coastal regions
 * generous supporter of arts- made Istanbul one of the world’s most beautiful capitals
 * 1600s- empire stretched from Hungary in the W to Caspian Sea and Western Persia in E
 * Northern Africa & coastal regions of Arabia- under Ottoman control
 * 1699- empire started to decline
 * in a year lost Hungary to powerful Austrian nation

// Decline of Ottoman Empire //
 * Reasons for decline:
 * ** lack of unity or identity among the many different places in empire **
 * ** succession of Ottoman rulers **
 * succession is the way, or order, in which heirs rise to take their rightful place in office or throne
 * tradition is any one of sultans sons could succeed
 * whenever sultan died/ill power struggles often broke out w/in royal family
 * __Fratricide__, murder of bro by bro was common
 * Frequently broke into civil wars
 * ** major loss of territories **
 * 1st ½ of 17th century- lost Greece and Serbia b/c became independent
 * Algeria became colony of France
 * ** Competition for strategic location of empire **
 * Most powerful control access to Med Sea, Atlantic Ocean & the Black Sea
 * Russia wanted trades route w/ Black Sea &Med Sea
 * Russian gov tried to gain access of routes for many yrs
 * Resorted to war
 * ** Crimean War: Ottoman Empire & France & G.B. vs. Russia **
 * France and G.B. were trying to prevent Russia to gain control any more Ottoman territory
 * Russians eventually lost
 * Bloody and a wasteful and caused many deaths
 * Lord Alfred Tennyson wrote “The Charge of the Light Brigade”
 * About deadly battle- 600 English horseman ran across open valley & half killed by enemy fire
 * 1st war to be covered by news reporters at the front lines
 * 1st war to have pro nurses care for wounded
 * nursing system started by Florence Nightingale
 * involved in starting Army Medical School and Nightingale School for Nurses

// Attempts at Reform // // A Harsh Ottoman Ruler // // The End of the Ottoman Empire // // The Treaty of Berlin //
 * After war gov tried reforms
 * ** 1 reform created national citizenship for all people w/in empires border **
 * Established equality before law & right of citizens to hold public office
 * Christians were able to serve in the Muslim army
 * Taxes and prison conditions were reformed &torture was abolished
 * Gov guaranteed property rights for all citizens
 * Sultan promised to punish any republic official who was found corrupt
 * 1856- 1876: serious effort was made to save empire from further decline (started to work)
 * Ottomans began to welcome western influences like railways & newspaper
 * Abdulaziz was the first Ottoman sultan to travel to Europe visiting Vienna, London,& Paris
 * The Ottomans Face Internal Conflict **
 * Mid- 1870s: efforts to modernize stopped
 * Opposition by conservative officials
 * Lack of qualified people w/ enough experience
 * Gov was deeply in debt- Sultan Abdulaziz luxurious lifestyle
 * 1867- Abdulhamid II became sultan
 * Year after became ruler 1st Turkish parliament met
 * Issued new constitution
 * Guaranteed personal liberty, freedom of education and press and a parliament gov
 * ** then got rid of Parliament and threw out constitution **
 * became absolute monarch
 * reform minded people called “Young Turks” were exiled
 * rule became more harsh
 * troops massacred 1000s of peasants in Bulgaria- 1876 & 100os more in Armenia-1894
 * other empires waited for Ottoman Empire to die
 * Russia wanted the empire to completely break apart
 * Russia encouraged rebellion
 * wanted to unite Slav's against Ottomans
 * ** 1877 Russia declared war on Ottoman **
 * France and England didn't help
 * Several victories in Balkans
 * ** Reached Istanbul made Ottomans sign treaty of San Stefano in 1878 **
 * Serbia & Romania independent
 * Reforms in Bosnia, semi independence in Bulgaria
 * ** Treaty favorable to Russia **
 * alarmed Europe
 * Britain concerned for Suez Canal
 * afraid of Russian **__supremacy__** - highest authority
 * ** Bismarck dominated Congress of Berlin 1878 **
 * decided fate of Ottoman Empire
 * Reach agreement without war between Russia & Bulgaria (treaty)
 * Bulgaria divided into 3 **__sectors__** -districts with different degrees of independence
 * Bulgaria and Bosnia remained in Ottoman Empire
 * Austria- Hungary administered Bosnia
 * Britain got Cyprus, close to Suez Canal
 * France to colonize Tunisia
 * Germany got nothing but remained involved in Turkey
 * Constructed railway from Istanbul to Baghdad
 * Europe was now concerned Germany would control Middle East
 * England nervous about Russia and Germany
 * Balkans and Slavs didn't get independence
 * Turks thought they were shorted for peace
 * France & England had protectorates in North Africa(Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco)
 * 1908-1913: more losses for Ottomans
 * Young Turks took Turkey
 * Bulgaria became independent
 * Italy moved into Libya
 * Gave up European territories to Balkan
 * 1922- military leader Kemal Ataturk seized power & abolished sultanate in Turkey
 * ** 1923: Turkey became a republic and Ataturk became 1st president **



This cartoon shows the Treaty of Berlin and the bear and the lion are the two big super power ready to fight but are content due to the treaty. The bear and the lion are close to fight because after a short while Russia and the Ottoman Empire began a war. The lion is Bulgaria and the bear is Russia and the man represents the other people at the meeting not wanting the to super power to fight. The chicken and the turkey represents the old Ottoman Empire. The vultures represent the other European nations waiting to gain land from the remains of the Ottoman Empire.

This cartoon shows the Crimean War was and its called jaws of death because it shows the war as the two sides going into the skulls and no one surviving. The Crimean War was bloody and wasteful. This is represented by the bodies in front of the skull. The flag with the x on it represents Turkey and the one with the moon and a star on it represents Russia.

Quiz Questions 1: 1. Supreme power or authority is __fill in .__ 2. __fill in__ is a district or region into which an area is divided. 3. What did the Treaty of Berlin do? 4. What two religions were living in the Ottoman Empire? 5. The Ottoman Empire attempted to stop decline so the government issued a reform that created what? a) national citizenship for Christians b) national citizenship for all people within empires borders c) right to vote d) formed a republic 6. Name two things Suleiman did to improve the Ottoman Empire. a) added most of France to the Empire b) supported education and built a school c) conquered the Arabian costal regions d) changed Constantinople's name to Istanbul Quiz Questions 2: 1. What was Suleiman II's nickname and what did he do? 2. What was one reason the Ottoman Empire began to decline? a)The lack of unity among the many places under Ottoman rule b)The heirs rise of their place in rule c) Loss of major territories d) All of the above 3. What was special about the Crimean War? a) Was the first war to be covered by news reporters b ) It was muslims vs christians c) First war to have professional nurses to care for wounded d) Both a and c 4. Who didn't get independence after the Treaty of Berlin? a) Slavs and Balkans b) Austrians c) French d) All of the Above 5. Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire in 1877. Who were the Ottoman allies? a)Russia and Great Britain  b)Great Britain and the US c)Great Britain and Italy d)no countries came to their aid 6. What clamly sparked civil wars? a) government reforms b) fratricide c) unity d) none of the above